A Methodology for Translation | Metode Penerjemahan

Dear readers, my apologize I forgot where this material taken from. I think this material is taken from pdf of Translation Book Theory of course but I forgot which one that I used. This is a resume from the more complete material. So, I hope you can use this as your reference for doing your assignment. Thank you. Once I found the source I will put it here. My apologize!

A Methodology for Translation

Translators can choose from two methods of translating, namely direct, or literal translation and oblique translation. Translators may also notice gaps, or "lacunae", in the target language (TL) which must be filled by corresponding elements, so that the overall impression is the same for the two messages. Oblique translation methods offers the first three direct procedures and the others are oblique.

Procedure 1: Borrowing, borrowing is the simplest of all translation methods. It would not even merit discussion in this context if translators did not occasionally need to use it in order to create a stylistic effect. In a story with a typical English setting, an expression such as "the coroner spoke" is probably better translated into French by borrowing the English term "coroner", rather than trying to find a more or less satisfying equivalent title from amongst the French magistrature, e.g.: "Le coroner prit la parole").

Procedure 2: Caique, A calque is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression form of another, but then translates literally each of its elements, e.g French calque: therapie occupationnelle, English source: occupational therapy.

Procedure 3: Literal translation, is the direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text in which the translators' task is limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL e.g Where are you? - Ou etes-vous?.

Procedure 4: Transposition, the method called transposition involves replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message e.g Apres qu'il sera revenue - After he comes back.

Procedure 5: Modulation

Modulation is a variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change in the point of view. The type of modulation which turns a negative SL expression into a positive TL expression is more often than not optional, even though this is closely linked with the structure of each language, e.g.: It is not difficult to show. Il est facile de demontrer. The difference between fixed and free modulation is one of degree.

Procedure 6: Equivalence

The classical example of equivalence is given by the reaction of an amateur who accidentally hits his finger with a hammer: if he were French his cry of pain would be transcribed as "A'ie!", but if he were English this would be interpreted as "Ouch”.

Procedure 7: Adaptation

It is used in those cases where the type of situation being referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture. Adaptations are particularly frequent in the translation of book and film titles e.g.:

Trois hommes et un couffin Three men and a baby. [film]

Le grand Meaulnes The Wanderer. [book title]

Application of the seven methods

	Lexis	Structure	Message
Borrowing	F: Bulldozer	Science Jiction	Five o'Clock Tea
	E: Fuselage	a la mode	Bon voyage
Caique	F: economiquement Lutetia	Lutetia Palace	Compliments de la Saison
	E: normal school (C.E.)	Governor General	Take it or leave it
Modulation	F: Peu profond	Donnez un peu de votre sang	Complet
	E: Shallow	Give a pint of your blood	No vacancies